Properties and safety of topical dihydroxyacetone in sunless tanning products: A review.

Sunless tanning products have risen in popularity as the desire for a tanned appearance continues alongside growing concerns about the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a simple carbohydrate found nearly universally in sunless tanning products that serves to impart color to the skin. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates sunless tanning products as cosmetics, allows DHA for external use while maintaining that its ingestion, inhalation, or contact with mucosal surfaces should be avoided. Given its widespread use and a paucity of reviews on its safety, we aim to review the literature on the topical properties and safety profile of DHA. Available data indicate that DHA possesses only minimal to no observable photoprotective properties. In vitro studies suggest that, while DHA concentrations much higher than those in sunless tanning products are needed to induce significant cytotoxicity, even low millimolar, nonlethal concentrations can alter the function of keratinocytes, tracheobronchial cells, and other cell types on a cellular and molecular level. Instances of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis triggered by DHA exposures have also been reported. While no other side effects in humans have been observed, additional studies on the safety and toxicity of DHA in humans are warranted, with a focus on concentrations and frequencies of DHA exposure typically encountered by consumers.

Does it look like melanoma? A pilot study of the effect of sunless tanning on dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy has led to an improvement in diagnosing malignant melanoma (MM). Sunless tanning agents containing dihydroxyacetone (DHA) could lead to a decrease in ultraviolet exposure, decreasing the risk of MM. Importantly, DHA has been reported to change dermoscopic features and could thus endanger diagnostic improvement in dermoscopy. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the use of DHA can lead to changes that simulate a real, clinically relevant dermoscopic change, suggesting malignant transformation either in facial solar lentigo/initial seborrhoeic keratosis (SL/ISK) or in naevi on the body. METHODS: Seven patients with 25 pigmented skin lesions (PSLs) were photographed, resulting in 38 dermoscopic images. Photographs were taken before, 1 week after and 1-2 months after the use of DHA. Two dermatologists separately evaluated the PSLs and their dermoscopic features. For lesions on the body Menzies' method was used, and for facial lesions the criteria defined by Stolz et al. were used. RESULTS: In facial PSLs equivocal lesions were registered by both evaluators significantly more often after DHA use than before (42% vs. 12%, P=0·021 and 69% vs. 19%, P=0·001). Furthermore, follicular pigmentation that partly mimics that of lentigo maligna was also seen significantly more often after DHA use than before (81% vs. 12%, P<0·001 and 69% vs. 15%, P<0·001) and in these instances the evaluators recommended a biopsy. Equivocal lesions in naevi on the body were not significantly increased after DHA use. CONCLUSIONS: Dermoscopists that come across unclear dermoscopic findings, especially in facial PSL, should ask patients about the use of DHA.

Xanthotrichia (yellow hair) due to selenium sulfide and dihydroxyacetone.

Hair shaft discoloration has been documented to be caused by disease states, medications, and exogenous chemicals. After researching the literature, xanthotrichia or yellow hair has been determined to be caused predominately by exogenous chemicals. Two cases of new chemicals causing yellow hair shaft discoloration are reported. The chemicals include selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo and dihydroxyacetone.

Modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy study of an artificial tanning on human skin induced by dihydroxyacetone.

A modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy study on the effect of dihydroxyacetone, commonly used for artificial tan, is presented. The study was carried out in the presence and absence of dimethylisosorbide (a solvent for dihydroxyacetone) on fresh human skin, obtained from the breast region of recent autopsy cases (two females), at a frequency of 25 Hz, which enabled us to study the effect at a depth of 30 microm in the stratum corneum and beneath. By monitoring the photoacoustic signal intensity with time in the region of 300-400 nm, which is a specific region for melanin pigment, it is demonstrated that dihydroxyacetone in combination with dimethylisosorbide enhances the process of tanning. Dihydroxyacetone also has an effect on the amino acids and nucleic acids which is bad for the skin.

Sunless tanning.

BACKGROUND: Americans continue to desire and pursue the tan. Recent data indicate continued high incidence of sunburn and ultraviolet tanning despite public health skin cancer prevention messages. The rising popularity of recently available sunless tanning booths prompted this review. OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of the history of sunless tanning and the sunless tanning booth industry, and to describe the current availability and safety practices of sunless tanning booth providers. METHODS: The current literature and internet resources were reviewed. Phone surveys of 300 businesses were conducted in July, 2003. RESULTS: Sunless tanning services were offered by 43% (39/90) of businesses with tanning services of any type. Sunless tanning booths were the most commonly offered sunless tanning application modality. The safety precautions most commonly offered to sunless tanning customers were recommendations to close their eyes (100%, 17/17), hold their breath (77%, 13/17), and utilize post-sunless tanning sun protection (82%, 14/17). CONCLUSION: Uniform guidelines should be developed to address safety issues associated with sunless tanning booth use. Future investigations are warranted to assess both the medical and behavioral implications of perpetuating the aesthetic appeal of the tan.

Compound allergy to a skin marker for patch testing: a chromatographic analysis.

We present details of a patient who was demonstrated to have contact allergy to a solution used to mark sites of application of patch tests, during investigation of allergy to gold and nickel. Negative results were obtained when patch testing was performed using the individual constituents of the marker solution (gentian violet, dihydroxyacetone and acetone). Chromatographic analysis of various combinations of these chemicals did not identify a chemical derivative which might have caused this reaction.

Blood preservation. XXXIV. DHA maintains 2,3-DPG and its adverse effect on ATP is reversed with extra phosphate.

We have found that the addition of 10 mM inorganic phosphate to DHA in CPD-adenine maintains ATP levels at normal or higher than normal values for six weeks of storage. 2,3-DPG values are slightly lowered by the extra phosphate, but are still maintained at approximately half normal for four weeks by the DHA. The addition of a higher phosphate concentration, 20 mM, to DHA produced lower levels of ATP and 2,3-DPG than those observed with 10 mM phosphate, although both levels were better than in the CPD-adenine control. pH values in this experiment were lowest in the three preservatives containing DHA, probably indicating increased lactate production due to metabolism of this triose sugar, in addition to dextrose present in CPD.